Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy

cites diverse references and presents organized arguments for the evolutionary behavioral changes that have occurred in the order Hymenoptera since its origin in the late Carboniferous or early Permian to the present day. The arguments, though sometimes teleological for the sake of clarity, are largely based on field investigations and laboratory studies of insect behavior as well as morphological evidence. The author pays careful attention to details of the concomitant evolution of the plants and animals that have served as hosts for Hymenoptera in the course of their evolution. Professor Malyshev has combined fossil evidence and original laboratory studies, in which insects were challenged with new hosts or habitat materials for oviposition and nesting, to provide coherent biological evidence for his generalizations of probable evolutionary relationships.